zzz10. A monad, says Britannica, is an "elementary individual substance that reflects the order of the world and from which material properties are derived." Originally, the Pythagoreans coined the term for the name of the beginning number of a series, from which all following numbers derived. Giordano Bruno in 1591 published On the Monad, Number, and Figure in which he described three fundamental types: God, souls, and atoms. In 1714, Leibniz in his Monadologia popularized the concept of monad, with his specific characterization.
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In Leibniz’s system, monads are "basic substances that make up the universe but lack spatial extension and hence are immaterial." And "Each monad is a unique, indestructible, dynamic, soul-like entity whose properties are a function of its perceptions and appetites. Monads have no true causal relation with other monads, but all are perfectly synchronized with each other by God in a pre-established harmony. The objects of the material world are simply appearances of collections of monads."
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In Leibniz’s system, monads are "basic substances that make up the universe but lack spatial extension and hence are immaterial." And "Each monad is a unique, indestructible, dynamic, soul-like entity whose properties are a function of its perceptions and appetites. Monads have no true causal relation with other monads, but all are perfectly synchronized with each other by God in a pre-established harmony. The objects of the material world are simply appearances of collections of monads."
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